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| Date May 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF12397 |
Title
Updated May 20, 2024 U.S. Army s Maneuver Short-Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD) System Background Figure 1. M-SHORAD Increment I The Army is developing a new maneuver short-range air defense system, or M-SHORAD to perform short-range air defense, or SHORAD. The Army defines the SHORAD mission as [d]edicated air defense artillery (ADA) and nondedicated air defense capabilities that enable movement and ...
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| Date May 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF12525 |
Title
Updated May 20, 2024 The IRS Technology Modernization Program: An Overview The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) collects 95% of the funds needed to operate federal government programs and agencies. In FY2023, the agency collected $4.7 trillion in gross revenues, processed 272 million tax returns and other forms, and issued $659 billion in refunds. The IRS s information technology (IT) systems are ...
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| Date May 20, 2024 |
Report No. IN12363 |
Title
INSIGHTi Removal of Inspectors General: The First Tests of New Statutory Requirements May 20, 2024 In the past two months, President Biden has twice exercised his authority to change the leadership of inspector general (IG) offices by notifying Congress of his intent to remove the IG for the Railroad Retirement Board (RRB) and replacing the acting IG for the Department of Commerce. These are the ...
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| Date May 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF12517 |
Title
Updated May 20, 2024 U.S.-Japan Critical Minerals Agreement On March 28, 2023, the United States and Japan signed a critical minerals agreement (CMA) covering five key minerals related to the production of batteries for clean vehicles (commonly referred to as electric vehicles or EVs ). The U.S.-Japan CMA entered into force immediately upon signature. The CMA seeks to address Japan s concerns ...
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| Date May 20, 2024 |
Report No. IN12364 |
Title
INSIGHTi A Brief Summary of the Telework Transparency Act of 2024 (S. 4043) May 20, 2024 On March 21, 2024, Senators Gary Peters and Joni Ernst introduced the Telework Transparency Act of 2024 (S. 4043). The Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs discussed the bill at a May 15, 2024, markup and continues to consider it. As discussed in this Insight, S. 4043 includes ...
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| Date May 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF12669 |
Title
May 20, 2024 The Terrorist Watchlist The Terrorist Screening Dataset (TSDS), more commonly referred to as the Terrorist Watchlist (or the Watchlist) and formerly known as the Terrorist Screening Database, is the U.S. government s consolidated dataset containing sensitive, but not classified, law enforcement and national security information regarding those who are known to be or are reasonably ...
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| Date May 20, 2024 |
Report No. R48069 |
Title
Overview of the National Estuary Program (NEP) May 20, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48069 SUMMARY Overview of the National Estuary Program (NEP) R48069 May 20, 2024 Laura Gatz Specialist in Environmental Estuaries coastal waterbodies where freshwater from rivers and streams mixes with the ocean s Policy saltwater are among the world s most productive ...
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| Date May 17, 2024 |
Report No. IN12223 |
Title
INSIGHTi An Overview of H.R. 4763, Financial Innovation and Technology for the 21st Century Act Updated May 17, 2024 On Friday May 10, the House Committee on Rules publicly noticed its intent to consider H.R. 4763, the Financial Innovation and Technology for the 21st Century Act (FIT21), which could lead to a floor vote later this month. The bill, as amended, would introduce significant changes to ...
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| Date May 17, 2024 |
Report No. IF12415 |
Title
Updated May 17, 2024 CFIUS Executive Order on Evolving National Security Risks and CFIUS Enforcement Guidelines On September 15, 2022, the Biden Administration issued the first-ever presidential directive defining additional national security factors for the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) to consider in evaluating foreign investment transactions. Executive Order 14083 ...
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| Date May 17, 2024 |
Report No. R48067 |
Title
Attacks on Ukraine s Electric Grid: Insights for U.S. Infrastructure Security and Resilience May 17, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48067 SUMMARY Attacks on Ukraine s Electric Grid: Insights for U.S. Infrastructure Security and Resilience R48067 May 17, 2024 Brian E. Humphreys Analyst in Science and Russia has conducted a deliberate campaign to destroy ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IN12362 |
Title
INSIGHTi Regulation of Data Brokers: Executive Order 14117 on Preventing Access to Americans Sensitive Data by Countries of Concern May 16, 2024 In February 2024, the Biden Administration issued Executive Order (E.O.) 14117 Preventing Access to Americans Bulk Sensitive Personal Data and United States Government-Related Data by Countries of Concern. E.O. 14117 authorizes the Attorney General, in ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12636 |
Title
Updated May 15, 2024 Nuclear Energy in a Climate Change Context: Current Appropriations for Nuclear Energy Development The potential role of nuclear energy in mitigating climate change has been a significant element of recent congressional discussions about energy and environmental policy. For example, Senate Environment and Public Works Committee Chairman Tom Carper at a committee hearing in ...
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| Date May 14, 2024 |
Report No. IN12359 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. Review of an Arms Sale to Israel: Issues for Congress May 14, 2024 Overview In May 2024, U.S. officials confirmed reports that the Biden Administration is reviewing some near-term security assistance for Israel and has paused a shipment of 2,000-pound bombs and 500-pound bombs based on concern about their potential use in the city of Rafah, Gaza. The Administration s action comes ...
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| Date May 10, 2024 |
Report No. R41330 |
Title
National Monuments and the Antiquities Act Updated May 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41330 SUMMARY National Monuments and the Antiquities Act The Antiquities Act of 1906 (54 U.S.C. 320301-320303) authorizes the President to proclaim national monuments on federal lands that contain historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, or other objects ...
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| Date May 10, 2024 |
Report No. R47470 |
Title
Membership of the 118th Congress: A Profile Updated May 10, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47470 SUMMARY Membership of the 118th Congress: A Profile This report presents a profile of the membership of the 118th Congress (2023-2024) as of May 10, 2024, or at the beginning of the 118th Congress (January 3, 2023), where noted. Statistical information is included ...
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| Date April 25, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11156 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Department of Labor s New Independent Contractor Rule April 25, 2024 On January 10, 2024, the Department of Labor (DOL) issued a rule that identifies criteria for how it classifies whether a worker is an employee or independent contractor for purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), the federal law that establishes minimum wage and overtime compensation standards for most ...
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| Date April 24, 2024 |
Report No. R43543 |
Title
Navy LPD-17 Flight II and LHA Amphibious Ship Programs: Background and Issues for Congress Updated April 24, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43543 Navy LPD-17 Flight II and LHA Amphibious Ship Programs Summary The Navy is procuring two types of larger amphibious ships: LHA-type big deck amphibious assault ships and LPD-17 Flight II class amphibious ships. Both ...
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| Date April 22, 2024 |
Report No. IN12347 |
Title
INSIGHTi Escalation of the Israel-Iran Conflict Updated April 22, 2024 Overview A series of strikes and counter-strikes between Israel and Iran in April 2024, including the first-ever direct attack on Israel from Iranian soil, represents a significant escalation in a years-long shadow war between the two countries. Until now, the conflict had been fought mostly in theaters outside of each country ...
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| Date April 17, 2024 |
Report No. IF12370 |
Title
Updated April 17, 2024 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: FY2024 Appropriations Congress generally funds the civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in annual Energy and Water Development appropriations acts. These activities include the planning and construction of authorized water resource projects and the operation and maintenance (O&M) of infrastructure and navigation ...
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| Date May 17, 2024 |
Report No. R48067 |
Title
Attacks on Ukraine s Electric Grid: Insights for U.S. Infrastructure Security and Resilience May 17, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48067 SUMMARY Attacks on Ukraine s Electric Grid: Insights for U.S. Infrastructure Security and Resilience R48067 May 17, 2024 Brian E. Humphreys Analyst in Science and Russia has conducted a deliberate campaign to destroy ...
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| Date May 17, 2024 |
Report No. R48068 |
Title
The Rights of Students with Disabilities Under the IDEA, Section 504, and the ADA May 17, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48068 SUMMARY The Rights of Students with Disabilities Under the IDEA, Section 504, and the ADA R48068 May 17, 2024 Abigail A. Graber Legislative Attorney The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Section 504 of the ...
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| Date May 17, 2024 |
Report No. IF10161 |
Title
Updated May 17, 2024 International Trade and Jobs The 118th Congress is engaged in a range of legislative and oversight activities related to trade. The impact of trade agreements on U.S. jobs has been a key, long-standing policy consideration for Members of Congress. There is broad consensus among economists that, in the aggregate, the economic benefits of trade, such as lower prices and a ...
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| Date May 17, 2024 |
Report No. IF10177 |
Title
Updated May 17, 2024 The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) is an interagency committee chaired by the Secretary of the Treasury. It serves the President in overseeing the national security risks of certain foreign direct investment (FDI) in the U.S. economy. CFIUS jurisdiction includes the review of mergers, ...
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| Date May 17, 2024 |
Report No. IF12415 |
Title
Updated May 17, 2024 CFIUS Executive Order on Evolving National Security Risks and CFIUS Enforcement Guidelines On September 15, 2022, the Biden Administration issued the first-ever presidential directive defining additional national security factors for the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) to consider in evaluating foreign investment transactions. Executive Order 14083 ...
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| Date May 17, 2024 |
Report No. IF12542 |
Title
Updated May 17, 2024 Offshore Energy Agency Appropriations, FY2024 Three entities in the Department of the Interior (DOI) share responsibility for managing the nation s ocean energy resources on almost 2.5 billion acres of the U.S. outer continental shelf (OCS). The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) administers offshore energy leasing and mineral development; the Bureau of Safety and ...
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| Date May 17, 2024 |
Report No. IG10053 |
Title
Seabed Mining in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone May 17, 2024 Author Information Caitlin Keating-Bitonti Analyst in Natural Resources Policy Emma Kaboli Analyst in Energy Policy Corrie E. Clark Specialist in Energy Policy Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It ...
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| Date May 17, 2024 |
Report No. IN12223 |
Title
INSIGHTi An Overview of H.R. 4763, Financial Innovation and Technology for the 21st Century Act Updated May 17, 2024 On Friday May 10, the House Committee on Rules publicly noticed its intent to consider H.R. 4763, the Financial Innovation and Technology for the 21st Century Act (FIT21), which could lead to a floor vote later this month. The bill, as amended, would introduce significant changes to ...
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| Date May 17, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11166 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Montana s TikTok Ban Goes Before the Ninth Circuit May 17, 2024 On November 30, 2023, a federal district court issued a preliminary injunction barring enforcement of a law banning TikTok s Montana operations. Without the district court s preliminary injunction, the Montana law would have become effective January 1, 2024. Montana appealed the district court s order to the U.S. Court ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11165 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Disrupting Botnets: An Overview of Seizure Warrants and Other Legal Tools May 16, 2024 In January and February 2024, the Department of Justice (DOJ) announced the disruption of two different foreign-state-sponsored botnets. The term botnet is a portmanteau of robot and network. It generally refers to a network of computers and computerized devices infected with malware (i.e., ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF10521 |
Title
Updated May 16, 2024 Defense Primer: Command and Control of Nuclear Forces The U.S. President has sole authority to authorize the use of U.S. nuclear weapons. This authority is inherent in his constitutional role as Commander in Chief. The President can seek counsel from his military advisors; those advisors are then required to transmit and implement the orders authorizing nuclear use. But, as ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF10767 |
Title
Updated May 16, 2024 Farm Credit Administration and Its Board Members Overview Congress oversees the Farm Credit Administration (FCA), which is the federal financial regulator responsible for ensuring the safety and soundness of Farm Credit System (FCS) institutions and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (Farmer Mac). FCA is directed by a threemember board of directors nominated by the ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF12397 |
Title
Updated May 16, 2024 U.S. Army s Maneuver Short-Range Air Defense (M-SHORAD) System Background Figure 1. M-SHORAD Increment I The Army is developing a new maneuver short-range air defense system, or M-SHORAD to perform short-range air defense, or SHORAD. The Army defines the SHORAD mission as [d]edicated air defense artillery (ADA) and nondedicated air defense capabilities that enable movement and ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF12421 |
Title
Updated May 16, 2024 The U.S. Army s Indirect Fire Protection Capability (IFPC) System Background Protecting high-value military sites against enemy cruise missile (CM), unmanned aerial system (UAS), and rocket, artillery, and mortar (RAM) attacks has long been an important consideration in protecting military forces. According to the U.S. Army, the Indirect Fire Protection Capability (IFPC) ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF12510 |
Title
Updated May 16, 2024 U.S.-China Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement On January 31, 1979, weeks after the United States and the People s Republic of China (PRC, or China) established diplomatic relations, U.S. President Jimmy Carter and PRC leader Deng Xiaoping signed the U.S.-China Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement (STA), the first major agreement between the two governments. ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IN12362 |
Title
INSIGHTi Regulation of Data Brokers: Executive Order 14117 on Preventing Access to Americans Sensitive Data by Countries of Concern May 16, 2024 In February 2024, the Biden Administration issued Executive Order (E.O.) 14117 Preventing Access to Americans Bulk Sensitive Personal Data and United States Government-Related Data by Countries of Concern. E.O. 14117 authorizes the Attorney General, in ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF10590 |
Title
Updated May 16, 2024 Child Welfare: Purposes, Federal Programs, and Funding The Work of Child Welfare Agencies Children depend on adults usually their parents to protect and support them. The broadest mission of public child welfare agencies is to strengthen families so that children can depend on their parents to provide them with a safe and loving home. More specifically, child welfare agencies ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF11735 |
Title
Updated May 16, 2024 China s One Belt, One Road Initiative: Economic Issues The People s Republic of China (PRC or China) in 2013 launched an ambitious and multifaceted foreign economic policy initiative One Belt, One Road to expand China s global economic reach and influence. In 2015, China s leaders changed the English name to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), possibly to deflect from the ...
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| Date May 16, 2024 |
Report No. IN12331 |
Title
INSIGHTi Haiti in Crisis: What Role for a Multinational Security Support Mission? Updated May 16, 2024 The political and security situation in Haiti has deteriorated since the start of 2024; more than 2,500 people were killed or injured by gang violence between January and March 2024. The gangs some of which are aligned with political elites amassed control over territory and illicit markets amid ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. R41759 |
Title
Past Government Shutdowns: Key Resources Updated May 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41759 Past Government Shutdowns: Key Resources Summary When federal government agencies and programs lack budget authority after the expiration of either full-year or interim appropriations, they experience a funding gap. Under the Antideficiency Act (31 U.S.C. 1341 et seq. ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. R48066 |
Title
The Role of Earmarks in SRF Appropriations in the 118th Congress May 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48066 SUMMARY The Role of Earmarks in SRF Appropriations in the 118th Congress R48066 May 15, 2024 Elena H. Humphreys Analyst in Environmental The condition of the nation s drinking water and wastewater systems continues to garner Policy congressional ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. R47553 |
Title
Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations Updated May 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47553 SUMMARY R47553 Energy and Water Development: FY2024 Appropriations May 15, 2024 The Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies appropriations (E&W) bill funds civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in the Department of ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. R47688 |
Title
Department of Homeland Security Appropriations: FY2024 State of Play Updated May 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47688 Department of Homeland Security Appropriations: FY2024 State of Play Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Quick Summary ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF11526 |
Title
Updated May 15, 2024 U.S.-Kenya Trade Negotiations The United States and Kenya began free trade agreement (FTA) negotiations in 2020 under then-President Donald Trump and then-President Uhuru Kenyatta of Kenya. The Joseph R. Biden Administration did not continue the FTA talks; it instead launched the U.S.-Kenya Strategic Trade and Investment Partnership (STIP) in July 2022. STIP aims to establish ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12437 |
Title
Updated May 15, 2024 Bureau of Reclamation Funding in the Inflation Reduction Act (P.L. 117-169) In August 2022, Congress enacted P.L. 117-169, popularly known as the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). Among its funding provisions, the law provided approximately $4.6 billion in mandatory appropriations for four new authorities of the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation, part of the Department of the ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IN12361 |
Title
INSIGHTi The June 2024 European Parliament Elections: A Preview May 15, 2024 The 27 member states of the European Union (EU) are scheduled to hold elections for the 720 members of the next European Parliament (EP) between June 6 and 9, 2024. The only directly elected EU institution, the EP represents the bloc s nearly 450 million citizens and has a role in approving most EU legislation. As the EP ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF11859 |
Title
Updated May 15, 2024 The Army s M-10 Booker (Formerly Known as Mobile Protected Firepower [MPF]) System What Is the Mobile Protected Firepower (MPF) System? The Army s MPF system is intended to address an operational shortfall in infantry units: Currently the Army s Infantry Brigade Combat Teams (IBCT) do not have a combat vehicle assigned that is capable of providing mobile, protected, direct, ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12653 |
Title
Updated May 15, 2024 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Dairy Herds The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirmed a strain (H5N1) of highly pathogenic avian Influenza A virus (HPAI) in dairy herds in Texas and Kansas on March 25, 2024. To date, HPAI has been confirmed in 42 dairy herds in ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12668 |
Title
May 15, 2024 The U.S. Army s Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems The U.S. Army is acquiring a family of small uncrewed aircraft systems (sUAS) for ground maneuver elements at the battalion level and below to provide real-time reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA) capabilities. For the past two decades, this role was largely filled by the AeroVironment RQ-11 Raven (Figure 1). On ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IN11748 |
Title
INSIGHTi Overview of Child Support Enforcement (CSE) Access to Taxpayer Data and Recent Legislation (S. 3154 and H.R. 7906) Updated May 15, 2024 Legislation introduced in the Senate (S. 3154, on October 26, 2023) and the House (H.R. 7906, on April 9, 2024) contains a proposal related to Child Support Enforcement (CSE) access to federal taxpayer data. This proposal would seek to provide tribal CSE ...
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| Date May 15, 2024 |
Report No. IN12358 |
Title
INSIGHTi Potential Disapproval of SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 121 Under the Congressional Review Act May 15, 2024 A growing number of firms are providing platforms for crypto transactions, which has prompted the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to consider how crypto exposures should be treated. Many of these firms safeguard the platform users crypto assets and maintain crypto keys ...
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