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U.S.-Japan Relations (CRS Report for Congress)

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Release Date Revised March 27, 2024
Report Number IF10199
Report Type In Focus
Authors Emma Chanlett-Avery, Coordinator; Mark E. Manyin; Ian E. Rinehart; Rebecca M. Nelson; Brock R. Williams
Source Agency Congressional Research Service
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Summary:

Japan, a U.S. treaty ally since 1951, is a constructive U.S. partner in several foreign policy areas, particularly security and trade. Shared security goals include meeting the challenge of an increasingly powerful People’s Republic of China (PRC or China) and countering threats from North Korea. The U.S.-Japan mutual defense treaty grants the United States the right to base U.S. troops—currently numbering over 50,000—and military assets on Japan’s territory in return for a U.S. pledge to protect Japan. The two countries collaborate bilaterally and multilaterally on issues such as science and technology, global health, energy, and climate change. Japan is the fourth-largest U.S. trade partner and the largest source of foreign direct investment into the United States, and its investors are the largest foreign holders of U.S. Treasury securities. Congressional oversight of U.S.-Japan relations generally focuses on alliance cooperation—particularly on how Japan and the United States coordinate their China strategies— and trilateral security relations with South Korea. Within the context of restoring and strengthening U.S. alliances globally, the Biden Administration positions the U.S.-Japan alliance at the center of its U.S. Indo-Pacific strategy, and the two countries coordinate and cooperate on a range of diplomatic, security, and economic initiatives across the region. Japan has adopted more assertive security and foreign policy postures since the early 2010s, allowing more flexibility for the alliance in confronting regional challenges. Both the U.S. and Japanese governments distrust Beijing and see China’s rising power and influence as detrimental to their national security. Japan’s proximity to China—and the two countries’ maritime and territorial disputes—heightens its concern as well as its incentives to manage bilateral tensions. President Biden has embraced the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (“the Quad”) with Japan, Australia, and India as a mechanism to advance shared goals in the region and has participated in three leader-level Quad meetings. Japan has joined the Biden Administration’s Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF), a regional economic and trade initiative.