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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. R47927 |
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District of Columbia Local Lawmaking and Congressional Authority: In Brief February 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47927 District of Columbia Local Lawmaking and Congressional Authority: In Brief Contents Legislative Authority for the District of Columbia ......................................................................... 1 Retention of Congressional ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF10516 |
Title
Updated February 22, 2024 Defense Primer: Navigating the NDAA The annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) has a history of regular passage. FY2024 marked the 63rd consecutive fiscal year for which an annual defense authorization was enacted. Many policymakers and officials view the bill as a potential legislative vehicle for a range of policy matters. Funding Tables Division D provides ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF10834 |
Title
Updated February 22, 2024 Defense Primer: Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering Advances in science and technology have long played a critical role in ensuring the technological preeminence of the United States military. For this reason, the Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funder of federal research and development. The Under Secretary of Defense for Research and ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF11016 |
Title
Updated February 22, 2024 U.S. Trade Policy Functions: Who Does What? Background At the nexus of foreign and domestic policy, U.S. trade policy comprises a distinct set of issues that shape U.S. participation in the global economy and relations with trading partners. U.S. trade policy also affects the overall U.S. economy and standard of living of Americans, as well as specific sectors, firms, and ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF12035 |
Title
Updated February 22, 2024 China s Global Investments: Data and Transparency Challenges During the past 20 years, the People s Republic of China (PRC or China) has significantly increased its investment overseas. In 1999, China launched its Go Global Strategy to support the expansion of Chinese firms abroad and make them more globally competitive. Since then, these firms many of which are closely ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF11035 |
Title
Updated February 22, 2024 Managed Trade and Quantitative Restrictions: Issues for Congress Background Congress plays a prominent role in shaping U.S. trade policy, due in part to trade policy s impact on the overall health of the U.S. economy and specific sectors, the success of U.S. businesses and workers, and Americans standard of living. Some Members of Congress contend that past trade ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF10958 |
Title
Updated February 22, 2024 U.S. Trade Debates: Select Disputes and Actions Introduction Addressing U.S. Trade Disputes During the Trump Administration, the United States and some of its major trading partners engaged in a contentious war of words over trade one that tipped over into action in 2018, mostly in the form of increased tariffs. The tariffs imposed by the United States, combined with ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF11030 |
Title
Updated February 22, 2024 U.S. Tariff Policy: Overview Introduction A tariff is a customs duty levied on imported and exported goods and services. Historically, countries used tariffs as a primary means of collecting revenue. Today, other taxes account for most government revenue in developed countries. Tariffs are now typically used to protect domestic industries or as leverage in trade ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. R47924 |
Title
Social Security: Estimated Impact of Hypothetical Solvency Measures February 21, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47924 SUMMARY Social Security: Estimated Impact of Hypothetical Solvency Measures Social Security has long been a program of high congressional interest both because of the number of people who receive benefits now and in the future and because of ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. IF10636 |
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Updated February 21, 2024 Foreign Direct Investment: Background and Issues Both inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) are significant to the U.S. economy, international trade, and global supply chains, and form a key component of U.S. trade policy. Traditionally, the United States has supported a rules-based and open investment environment domestically and internationally to promote ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. R46602 |
Title
Presidential Transition Act: Provisions and Funding Updated February 21, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46602 SUMMARY Presidential Transition Act: Provisions and Funding R46602 February 21, 2024 Henry B. Hogue Specialist in American The Presidential Transition Act of 1963 (PTA) authorizes funding for the General Services National Government Administration (GSA ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11117 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (February 12 February 19, 2024) February 21, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. IF12371 |
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Updated February 21, 2024 Taiwan Presidents U.S. Transit Visits Introduction Since 1994, four sitting presidents of Taiwan have undertaken a combined 29 trips abroad that have included transit stops in the United States. U.S. policy since 1995 has been to bar Taiwan presidents from making non-transit visits to the United States. The U.S. government presents this policy as consistent with the ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10458 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Presidential Authority to Suspend Entry of Aliens Under 8 U.S.C. 1182(f) Updated February 21, 2024 The President has the authority to suspend the entry of all aliens or any class of aliens whenever the President finds that the entry of any aliens or of any class of aliens into the United States would be detrimental to the interests of the United States. Presidential Administrations ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. IF10414 |
Title
Updated February 21, 2024 The Gender Earnings Gap Women earn less, on average, than men. This earnings differential often called the gender earnings gap raises questions about gender equity in labor markets, women s retirement security, and the potential impact of the gap on national economic performance, among others. This InFocus identifies factors that contribute to the gender earnings gap and ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. IN11719 |
Title
INSIGHTi TRICARE s Next Generation Contracts: T-5 Updated February 21, 2024 The Department of Defense (DOD) administers a Military Health System (MHS) that provides health care entitlements authorized in Title 10 of the U.S. Code (Chapters 55 and 56) and is organized under the TRICARE program. The TRICARE program offers health care benefits to approximately 9.6 million beneficiaries in DOD ...
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| Date Feb. 21, 2024 |
Report No. IF10156 |
Title
Updated February 21, 2024 U.S. Trade Policy: Background and Current Issues Congress has primary authority over U.S. trade policy through its constitutional power to levy tariffs and regulate foreign commerce. It has delegated some trade authorities to the Executive, but retains an active role in formulating trade policy and shaping outcomes. Since World War II, U.S. trade policy has generally ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2024 |
Report No. R41074 |
Title
Architect of the Capitol Appointment Procedure: Evolution and Recent Changes Updated February 20, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41074 SUMMARY Architect of the Capitol: Evolution and Implementation of the Appointment Procedure R41074 February 20, 2024 Ida A. Brudnick Specialist on the Congress According to its website, the Architect of the Capitol (AOC) is ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2024 |
Report No. R42072 |
Title
Legislative Branch Agency Appointments: History, Processes, and Recent Actions Updated February 20, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42072 SUMMARY Legislative Branch Agency Appointments: History, Processes, and Recent Actions R42072 February 20, 2024 Ida A. Brudnick Specialist on the Congress The leaders of the legislative branch agencies and entities the ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF10038 |
Title
Updated February 20, 2024 Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) The U.S. Constitution empowers Congress to impose tariffs and regulate trade with foreign nations. Periodically, Congress has legislated authorities and procedures to signal to trading partners that trade agreements negotiated by the President will be implemented or voted upon. Commonly known as Trade Promotion Authority (TPA), these ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF12593 |
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February 20, 2024 Nickels and Dimes: History and Current Status The Secretary of the Treasury, through the U.S. Mint, is statutorily authorized to issue specific circulating coin denominations (31 U.S.C. 5112). Currently, the United States has six circulating coin denominations dollar, half dollar, quarter dollar, dime, nickel, and penny. Unlike today s circulating coins, initial coin designs did ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF12594 |
Title
February 20, 2024 Payment for Order Flow (PFOF) and Broker-Dealer Regulation Policymakers have scrutinized certain rebates that brokerage firms receive for executing retail investor stock trades, with particular attention to payment for order flow (PFOF). PFOF raises issues related to potential conflicts of interest, retail investor financial inclusion, market competition, and market transparency. ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10954 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Recent Developments in the Rights of Private Individuals to Enforce Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act Updated February 20, 2024 On November 20, 2023, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (Eighth Circuit) in Arkansas State Conference NAACP v. Arkansas Board of Apportionment affirmed a federal district court ruling that Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act (VRA) does not ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11116 |
Title
Legal Sidebari State Social Media Laws at the Supreme Court February 20, 2024 On February 26, 2024, the Supreme Court is to hear oral argument over the constitutionality of Florida and Texas laws that restrict online platforms ability to moderate user content. The U.S. Courts of Appeals opinions in these cases present two different views of the First Amendment rights at issue. The Eleventh Circuit ...
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| Date Feb. 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF10890 |
Title
Updated February 20, 2024 China Primer: Illicit Fentanyl and China s Role In addressing the international dimension of the opioid crisis in the United States, policymakers have sought to stop foreign-sourced fentanyl, fentanyl-related substances (i.e., analogues), and chemical inputs (e.g., precursors) from entering the United States. Beginning in the mid-2010s, U.S. authorities identified the ...
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| Date Feb. 16, 2024 |
Report No. RL32418 |
Title
Navy Virginia-Class Submarine Program and AUKUS Submarine Proposal: Background and Issues for Congress February 16, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32418 Navy Virginia-Class Submarine Program and AUKUS Submarine Proposal Summary Issues for Congress regarding the Navy s Virginia (SSN-774) class nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN) program include the FY2024 ...
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| Date Feb. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IN11810 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Civil Works: Primer and Resources Updated February 16, 2024 Congress plays a role in the nation s water resource development through authorization and appropriations of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) projects and activities. USACE is a Department of Defense (DOD) agency that develops civil works projects principally to improve navigable channels, reduce ...
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| Date Feb. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IN12309 |
Title
INSIGHTi Iraq: Attacks and U.S. Strikes Reopen Discussion of U.S. Military Presence Updated February 16, 2024 Iran-backed armed groups attacked U.S. personnel in Iraq more than 60 times between the October 2023 onset of the Israel-Hamas war and February 4, 2024. In response President Joe Biden has ordered U.S. air strikes in Iraq and in neighboring Syria. Iraq s government, citing risks to Iraq s ...
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| Date Feb. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF10002 |
Title
Updated February 16, 2024 World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international organization established in 1995 following the ratification of the Uruguay Round Agreements, and today includes 164 members. It succeeded the 1947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), created as part of the U.S. and Europe-led post-WWII effort to build a stable, open international ...
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| Date Feb. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IF12592 |
Title
February 16, 2024 Army Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft (FARA) Program Proposed Cancellation: Background and Issues for Congress Introduction On February 8, 2024, the U.S. Army announced, as part of a major proposed restructuring of its aviation programs, that it seeks to cancel the Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft (FARA) program in its FY2025 budget request. FARA is part of a larger ...
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| Date Feb. 16, 2024 |
Report No. IN12320 |
Title
INSIGHTi Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Standard Mileage Rates February 16, 2024 The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) provides standard mileage rates as optional methods for taxpayers to substantiate their transportation expenses. This Insight reviews how the standard mileage rates are set, who uses them, and a history of the rates. Who Uses the Standard Mileage Rates? Standard mileage rates are ...
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| Date Feb. 15, 2024 |
Report No. R46185 |
Title
The Impeachment Process in the Senate Updated February 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46185 SUMMARY The Impeachment Process in the Senate After the House impeaches a federal officer, the Senate conducts a trial to determine if the individual should be removed from office. The Senate has a set of rules specific to the conduct of an impeachment trial, most ...
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| Date Feb. 15, 2024 |
Report No. R47467 |
Title
Qatar: Issues for the 118th Congress Updated February 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47467 SUMMARY Qatar: Issues for the 118th Congress The State of Qatar is a small, energy-rich emirate strategically located near the center of the Persian Gulf. Defense and diplomatic cooperation anchor close U.S.-Qatari relations: Qatar hosts thousands of U.S. troops, ...
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| Date Feb. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12277 |
Title
Updated February 15, 2024 Russia s War on Ukraine: U.S. Policy and the Role of Congress On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a new war against Ukraine, a country Russia first invaded in 2014 and has partially occupied for nearly a decade. The war is estimated to have led to hundreds of thousands of casualties and the current displacement of more than 10 million people as of January 2024. Ukraine ...
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| Date Feb. 15, 2024 |
Report No. R47922 |
Title
The Highway Funding Formula: History and Current Status Under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act February 15, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47922 SUMMARY The Highway Funding Formula: History and Current Status Under the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act R47922 February 15, 2024 William J. Mallett Specialist in Transportation Policy Between 1916, ...
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| Date Feb. 15, 2024 |
Report No. IF12040 |
Title
Updated February 15, 2024 U.S. Security Assistance to Ukraine The United States has been a leading provider of security assistance to Ukraine, particularly since Russia launched its renewed and expanded invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022. From 2014, when Russia first invaded Ukraine, through December 27, 2023, the United States committed more than $47 billion in security assistance to ...
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| Date Feb. 14, 2024 |
Report No. R44175 |
Title
Navy Shipboard Lasers: Background and Issues for Congress Updated February 14, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44175 Navy Shipboard Lasers: Background and Issues for Congress Summary This report provides background information and issues for Congress on shipboard solid state lasers (SSLs) that the Navy is developing for surface-ship self-defense. The Navy s ...
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| Date Feb. 14, 2024 |
Report No. R44425 |
Title
Health Insurance Premium Tax Credit and Cost-Sharing Reductions Updated February 14, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44425 SUMMARY Health Insurance Premium Tax Credit and Cost-Sharing Reductions R44425 February 14, 2024 Bernadette Fernandez Specialist in Health Care Certain individuals without access to subsidized health insurance coverage may be Financing ...
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| Date Feb. 14, 2024 |
Report No. IN11723 |
Title
INSIGHTi Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act Funding for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Civil Works Updated February 14, 2024 Congress authorizes and funds the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to undertake civil works activities, including planning and construction of water resource projects and maintenance of navigation improvements and other infrastructure. Division J, Title III, of ...
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| Date Feb. 14, 2024 |
Report No. IN11965 |
Title
INSIGHTi Water Resources Development Act of 2022 (WRDA 2022) Updated February 14, 2024 Recent Congresses have biennially considered omnibus legislation authorizing U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) civil works activities, typically called Water Resources Development Acts (WRDAs). Eligibility for USACE annual and supplemental appropriations generally requires activities to first be authorized. ...
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| Date Feb. 14, 2024 |
Report No. IF12119 |
Title
Updated February 14, 2024 Industrial Policy and International Trade Supply-chain vulnerabilities revealed by the COVID-19 pandemic have intensified debate in Congress about the proper role of the government in the U.S. economy. The debate also reflects growing concerns about how some foreign governments use state support and guidance to boost their industries, thereby potentially causing the ...
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| Date Feb. 14, 2024 |
Report No. IF12528 |
Title
Updated February 14, 2024 Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs): An Overview U.S. exporters access to foreign markets increasingly depends on compliance with a diverse array of non-tariff measures (NTMs) that governments have designed to achieve various public policy objectives. As tariffs on international trade have decreased globally, NTMs have become central to market access concerns and trade ...
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| Date Feb. 14, 2024 |
Report No. IF12327 |
Title
Updated February 14, 2024 U.S. Trade Policy: Future Direction and Key Economic Debates Congress plays a major role in shaping U.S. trade policy through the exercise of its constitutional authorities. Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution grants Congress the Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts, and Excises and to regulate Commerce with foreign Nations. Congressional interest in ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2024 |
Report No. R47019 |
Title
The Executive Budget Process: An Overview Updated February 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47019 SUMMARY The Executive Budget Process: An Overview The Constitution vests Congress with the power of the purse, with several provisions referring to congressional authority to levy taxes, authorize the issuance of debt, and make appropriations to fund the federal ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF12572 |
Title
Updated February 13, 2024 Business Tax Provisions in the Tax Relief for American Families and Workers Act of 2024 The Tax Relief for American Families and Workers Act of 2024, released by the Senate Finance Committee on January 16, 2024, and passed by the House on January 31, 2024 (H.R. 7024), would, among other provisions, modify four business tax provisions enacted in P.L. 115-97, referred to as ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2024 |
Report No. R47920 |
Title
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmental Justice Activities and Programs February 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47920 SUMMARY U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmental Justice Activities and Programs For decades, policymakers and stakeholders have raised concerns regarding the disproportionate effects of environmental ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2024 |
Report No. R44363 |
Title
National African American History Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet Updated February 13, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44363 SUMMARY National African American History Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet R44363 February 13, 2024 Maya V. Thomas Reference and Digital This fact sheet links to authoritative information resources related to National African ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11115 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (February 5 February 11, 2024) February 13, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Feb. 13, 2024 |
Report No. IF12574 |
Title
Updated February 13, 2024 The Casualty and Theft Loss Deduction The Internal Revenue Code has let some taxpayers deduct unreimbursed losses caused by recent disasters and thefts from their income subject to the income tax. Congress temporarily limited the casualty and theft loss deduction as part of the 2017 tax law (P.L. 115-97; popularly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act or TCJA) to losses ...
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| Date Feb. 12, 2024 |
Report No. RL30787 |
Title
Parliamentary Reference Sources: House of Representatives Updated February 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL30787 SUMMARY Parliamentary Reference Sources: House of Representatives House procedures are based not only on the rules the chamber adopts at the start of each Congress but also on constitutional mandates, published precedents, rulemaking statutes, ...
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