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| Date March 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF10486 |
Title
Updated March 25, 2024 Defense Primer: Naval Forces Naval Forces Refers to Both the Navy and Marine Corps Although the term naval forces is often used to refer specifically to Navy forces, it more properly refers to both Navy and Marine Corps forces, because both the Navy and Marine Corps are naval services. For further discussion, see CRS In Focus IF10484, Defense Primer: Department of the Navy, ...
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| Date March 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF11674 |
Title
Updated March 25, 2024 Navy Light Replenishment Oiler (TAOL) Program: Background and Issues for Congress Introduction The Navy s Light Replenishment Oiler (TAOL) program, previously called the Next-Generation Logistics Ship (NGLS) program, envisages procuring a new class of potentially 13 at-sea resupply ships for the Navy. The Navy s proposed FY2024 budget requested $8.8 million in research and ...
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| Date March 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF11826 |
Title
Updated March 25, 2024 Navy Next-Generation Attack Submarine (SSN[X]) Program: Background and Issues for Congress Introduction Submarine Construction Industrial Base The Navy has been procuring Virginia-class nuclear powered attack submarines (SSNs) since FY1998. The Navy s envisaged successor to the Virginia-class design is the Next-Generation Attack Submarine, or SSN(X). The Navy s FY2024 budget ...
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| Date March 25, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11130 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (March 18 March 24, 2024) March 25, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date March 25, 2024 |
Report No. IN12270 |
Title
INSIGHTi The IRS s Free Direct Filing Pilot Program Updated March 25, 2024 Individuals may satisfy their income tax obligations by filing a paper return or filing an electronic one (efiling). To e-file, a taxpayer must use software preapproved by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Most individual returns are e-filed. For the 2022 tax year (through December 29, 2023), the IRS received 162 million ...
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| Date March 25, 2024 |
Report No. IN12338 |
Title
INSIGHTi Labor Unions Request Section 301 Investigation of China s Shipbuilding and Maritime Policies March 25, 2024 On March 12, 2024, five major U.S. labor unions filed a petition under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 requesting that the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) investigate certain policies and practices of the government of the People s Republic of China (PRC or China ...
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| Date March 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF11672 |
Title
Updated March 25, 2024 Coast Guard Waterways Commerce Cutter (WCC) Program: Background and Issues for Congress Introduction The Coast Guard s Waterways Commerce Cutter (WCC) program envisages procuring 30 replacements for the Coast Guard s 35 aging river buoy tenders (WLRs), inland construction tenders (WLICs), and inland buoy tenders (WLIs). The Coast Guard wants to have the first new WCC be in ...
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| Date March 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF11679 |
Title
Updated March 25, 2024 Navy DDG(X) Next-Generation Destroyer Program: Background and Issues for Congress Introduction The Navy s DDG(X) program envisages procuring a class of next-generation guided-missile destroyers (DDGs) to replace the Navy s Ticonderoga (CG-47) class Aegis cruisers and older Arleigh Burke (DDG-51) class Aegis destroyers. The Navy wants to procure the first DDG(X) in FY2032. ...
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| Date March 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF11838 |
Title
Updated March 25, 2024 Navy TAGOS-25 Ocean Surveillance Shipbuilding Program: Background and Issues for Congress Introduction The Navy in FY2022 procured the first of a planned class of seven new TAGOS-25 class ocean surveillance ships at a cost of $434.4 million. The Navy s FY2024 budget submission showed that the ship s estimated procurement cost had subsequently grown to $789.6 million an ...
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| Date March 25, 2024 |
Report No. IF10822 |
Title
Updated March 25, 2024 Saudi Arabia A Changing Kingdom and Partnership The kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ruled by the Al Saud family since its founding in 1932, wields considerable global influence through its administration of the birthplace of the Islamic faith and by virtue of holding the world s second largest proven oil reserves. In exchange for protection, advice, technology, and armaments from ...
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| Date March 24, 2024 |
Report No. IF12525 |
Title
Updated March 24, 2024 The IRS Business Systems Modernization Program: An Overview The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) collects 95% of the funds needed to operate federal government programs and agencies. In FY2022, the agency collected $4.9 trillion in taxes, processed 263 million tax returns and other forms, and issued $642 billion in refunds. Critical to this output are the IRS s information ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. R47015 |
Title
FEMA s Individuals and Households Program (IHP) Implementation and Considerations for Congress Updated March 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47015 SUMMARY FEMA s Individuals and Households Program (IHP) Implementation and Considerations for Congress The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) may provide several forms of assistance, if authorized ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. R45800 |
Title
The Federal Role in Historic Preservation: An Overview Updated March 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45800 SUMMARY The Federal Role in Historic Preservation: An Overview R45800 March 22, 2024 Mark K. DeSantis Analyst in Natural Several long-standing statutes have established a framework for federal historic preservation activities. The most comprehensive of ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. R47981 |
Title
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): History, Overview of Domestic Programs, and Selected Issues March 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47981 SUMMARY Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): History, Overview of Domestic Programs, and Selected Issues R47981 March 22, 2024 Kavya Sekar Analyst in Health Policy The Coronavirus Disease 2019 ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. R45238 |
Title
FEMA and SBA Disaster Assistance for Individuals and Households: Application Processes, Determinations, and Appeals Updated March 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45238 SUMMARY FEMA and SBA Disaster Assistance for Individuals and Households: Application Processes, Determinations, and Appeals The Small Business Administration s (SBA s) Disaster Loan Program ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF12049 |
Title
Updated March 22, 2024 FEMA s Individuals and Households Program (IHP) Following an incident, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) may assist individuals with their recovery through the Individual Assistance (IA) program if the President authorizes such assistance pursuant to a declaration of emergency or major disaster under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. R47297 |
Title
Disaster Survivor FAQ: FEMA Individuals and Households Program Updated March 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47297 SUMMARY Disaster Survivor FAQ: FEMA Individuals and Households Program Member offices frequently have questions about the recovery process when working to support constituents following a presidential declaration of emergency or major disaster ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. R47226 |
Title
Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses: An Overview and Analysis of Contemporary Issues Updated March 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47226 SUMMARY Federal Contracting by Veteran-Owned Small Businesses: An Overview and Analysis of Contemporary Issues R47226 March 22, 2024 R. Corinne Blackford Analyst in Small Business and Economic Development ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF11459 |
Title
Updated March 22, 2024 Defense Primer: Hypersonic Boost-Glide Weapons The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is pursuing two types of hypersonic weapons technologies: boost-glide systems that place a maneuverable glide vehicle atop a ballistic missile or rocket booster, and cruise missiles that would use high-speed, air-breathing engines known as scramjets to travel to hypersonic speeds. This In ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF12611 |
Title
Updated March 22, 2024 DOD Replicator Initiative: Background and Issues for Congress Introduction Replicator, unveiled on August 28, 2023, is a Department of Defense (DOD) initiative, led by DOD s Defense Innovation Unit (DIU), to field thousands of uncrewed systems by August 2025. Replicator s first line of effort ( Replicator 1 ) is to field all-domain, attritable autonomous (ADA2) systems. ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11129 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Religious Discrimination at School: Application of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 March 22, 2024 Since the beginning of armed hostilities between Israel and Hamas on October 7, 2023, Congress has focused significant attention on the reaction of students and schools, colleges, and universities to events unfolding in the region. Congressional hearings have been held and ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF12437 |
Title
Updated March 22, 2024 Bureau of Reclamation Funding in the Inflation Reduction Act (P.L. 117-169) In August 2022, Congress enacted P.L. 117-169, popularly known as the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). Among its funding provisions, the law provided approximately $4.6 billion in mandatory appropriations for four new authorities of the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation, part of the Department of the ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IN11949 |
Title
INSIGHTi NATO Enlargement to Sweden and Finland Updated March 22, 2024 Sweden joined NATO on March 7, 2024, enlarging the alliance to 32 members (see Figure 1). Amid heightened security concerns about Russia after its February 2022 invasion of Ukraine, both Finland and Sweden applied to join NATO in May 2022 with the intention to accede to the alliance together. Finland joined on April 4, 2023, ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF11298 |
Title
Updated March 22, 2024 A Brief Overview of FEMA s Individual Assistance Program Following an incident, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) may implement the Individual Assistance (IA) program to assist disaster survivors when the President authorizes such assistance pursuant to a declaration of emergency or major disaster under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF12421 |
Title
Updated March 22, 2024 The U.S. Army s Indirect Fire Protection Capability (IFPC) System Background IFPC Increment 2 Protecting high-value military sites against enemy cruise missile (CM), unmanned aerial system (UAS), and rocket, artillery, and mortar (RAM) attacks has long been an important consideration in protecting military forces. The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict between Armenia and ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF12617 |
Title
March 22, 2024 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Water Infrastructure Programs and FY2024 Appropriations Many policymakers and stakeholders have raised concerns about the condition of the nation s local drinking water and wastewater infrastructure and the financial challenges that communities may confront in maintaining, repairing, or replacing aging infrastructure. In 2016, the U.S. ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF10400 |
Title
Updated March 22, 2024 Illicit Fentanyl and Mexico s Role As a primary source of, and transit country for, illicit drugs destined for the United States, Mexico is a key factor in U.S. drug control policy. Historically, reducing the supply of Mexico-produced heroin and methamphetamine and the northbound flow of South American cocaine has been the primary goal of U.S. counternarcotics policy toward ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF11122 |
Title
Updated March 22, 2024 Section 199A Deduction for Pass-Through Business Income: An Overview The 2017 tax revision (P.L. 115-97, also known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act or TCJA) created a temporary deduction for qualified pass-through business income (QBI) under Section 199A of the federal tax code. The maximum deduction is equal to the lesser of (1) 20% of a firm s qualified business income (QBI) ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF12618 |
Title
March 22, 2024 Gene-Edited Plants: Regulation and Issues for Congress Plant biotechnology, which includes gene editing and genetic engineering, allows a more precise and efficient method for developing desirable traits in crops than conventional breeding methods that rely on natural genetic variation. Gene editing techniques offer the potential to modify specific genes in plants without ...
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| Date March 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF12331 |
Title
Updated March 22, 2024 Burma: Background and Issues for Congress Overview Burma (also known as Myanmar) is a multi-ethnic Southeast Asian nation of 57.5 million that has been under some degree of military rule since 1962 and under an authoritarian military junta since a February 2021 coup d tat. The coup ended a decade-long period of partial democratization and ushered in a broad nationwide ...
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| Date March 21, 2024 |
Report No. R41726 |
Title
Discretionary Budget Authority by Subfunction: An Overview Updated March 21, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41726 SUMMARY Discretionary Budget Authority by Subfunction: An Overview R41726 March 21, 2024 D. Andrew Austin Analyst in Economic Policy This report provides a graphical overview of historical trends in discretionary budget authority (BA) from FY1977 ...
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| Date March 21, 2024 |
Report No. R47032 |
Title
Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) Updated March 21, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47032 SUMMARY Bureau of Reclamation Provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (P.L. 117-58) In the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA, also referred to as the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law; P.L. ...
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| Date March 21, 2024 |
Report No. IF12616 |
Title
March 21, 2024 Department of the Interior Support for Tribal Water Projects Congress regulates tribal affairs, including tribal access to water resources, pursuant to its constitutional authority. In addition, the federal government has a federal trust responsibility to protect tribal treaty rights, lands, assets, and water resources on behalf of federally recognized Tribes (hereinafter Tribes) ...
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| Date March 21, 2024 |
Report No. IN12335 |
Title
INSIGHTi Biden Administration Again Proposes Temporary Operating Assistance Authority for Larger Transit Agencies March 21, 2024 In the FY2025 budget, the Biden Administration again has proposed allowing larger public transportation agencies greater flexibility in the use of Urbanized Area Formula funds to cope with the larger operating deficits caused by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) ...
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| Date March 21, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10856 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Where a Suit Can Proceed: Court Selection and Forum Shopping Updated March 21, 2024 The past several years have seen court cases challenging high-profile government actions including environmental regulations, immigration policies, election administration, economic measures, and government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Plaintiffs in cases such as these often have some ...
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| Date March 21, 2024 |
Report No. IF12376 |
Title
Updated March 21, 2024 DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy FY2024 Appropriations The U.S. Department of Energy s (DOE s) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is responsible for enabling renewable energy and end-use energy efficiency technology development and implementation. Other activities include issuing grants for home energy efficiency and state planning, ...
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| Date March 21, 2024 |
Report No. IF12514 |
Title
Updated March 21, 2024 DOE Appropriations for Its Hydrogen Program: FY2024 The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen Program addresses the development of applications that use hydrogen in place of today s fuels to provide modern energy services. The program also considers hydrogen as an established industrial chemical, for example, in petroleum refining. The DOE program includes over 400 ...
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| Date March 21, 2024 |
Report No. IN12336 |
Title
INSIGHTi Pakistan s 2024 National Election March 21, 2024 Overview Congress has taken interest in Pakistan s democratization, viewing progress as important to U.S. interests including security cooperation and economic stability. In the 118th Congress, H.Res. 901 expressing support for democracy and human rights in Pakistan has garnered 101 bipartisan cosponsors to date. Elections to seat Pakistan ...
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| Date March 20, 2024 |
Report No. TE10093 |
Title
Statement of Kate R. Bowers Legislative Attorney Before Committee on Environment and Public Works U.S. Senate Hearing on Examining PFAS as Hazardous Substances March 20, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov Congressional Research Service 1 Executive Summary C hairman Carper, Ranking Member Capito, and Members of the Committee: My name is Kate Bowers, and I am a ...
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| Date March 20, 2024 |
Report No. R47979 |
Title
DHS Border Barrier Funding Developments: FY2021-FY2024 March 20, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47979 SUMMARY DHS Border Barrier Funding Developments: FY2021-FY2024 Appropriations law states that when budget authority is provided for a given purpose, the Administration must use it for that purpose. This can present a challenge when a new administration s ...
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| Date March 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF12106 |
Title
Updated March 20, 2024 Iran and Nuclear Weapons Production Background Iran s nuclear program has generated widespread concern that Tehran is pursuing nuclear weapons. According to U.S. intelligence assessments, Tehran has the capacity to produce nuclear weapons at some point, but has halted its nuclear weapons program and has not mastered all of the necessary technologies for building such ...
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| Date March 20, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11127 |
Title
Legal Sidebari H.R. 7521 Regulation of TikTok: Analysis of Selected Legal Issues March 20, 2024 On March 13, 2024, the House of Representatives passed the Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act (H.R. 7521). If enacted, H.R. 7521 would make it unlawful to provide certain services to distribute, maintain, or update . . . a foreign adversary controlled application ...
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| Date March 20, 2024 |
Report No. RS22907 |
Title
Cluster Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress Updated March 20, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22907 Cluster Munitions: Background and Issues for Congress Summary Cluster munitions are air-dropped or ground-launched weapons that release a number of smaller submunitions intended to kill enemy personnel or destroy vehicles. Cluster munitions were ...
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| Date March 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF11780 |
Title
Updated March 20, 2024 United Nations Issues: Overview of the United Nations System The United Nations (U.N.) system comprises interconnected entities including the United Nations, specialized agencies, U.N. peacekeeping operations, funds and programs, and other related bodies. Congress has generally supported the U.N. system and mission, and often uses U.N. mechanisms to further U.S. foreign ...
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| Date March 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF12093 |
Title
Updated March 20, 2024 The Accessibility of Federal Information and Data: A Brief Overview of Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act Nearly one in four Americans has a disability, according to 2018 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau. Congress has recognized that in addition to making federal information and data available to the public, it must also make it accessible to people with ...
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| Date March 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF10830 |
Title
Updated March 20, 2024 U.S. Health Care Coverage and Spending In 2022, the United States had an estimated population of 328 million individuals. Most of those individuals had private health insurance or were covered under a federal program (such as Medicare or Medicaid). About 8.0% of the U.S. population was uninsured. Individuals (including those who were uninsured), health insurers, federal and ...
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| Date March 20, 2024 |
Report No. IF11831 |
Title
Updated March 20, 2024 Marine Corps Advanced Reconnaissance Vehicle (ARV) What Is the Advanced Reconnaissance Vehicle (ARV)? According to the Marine Corps, the Advanced Reconnaissance Vehicle (ARV) is planned to be a new armored vehicle family to replace the Light Armored Vehicle (LAV): Since the 1980s, the Light Armored Vehicle (LAV) has supported Marine Air-Ground Task Force missions on the ...
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| Date March 20, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11126 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Fischer v. United States: Supreme Court to Consider Federal Obstruction Provision in Capitol Breach Prosecution March 20, 2024 On December 13, 2023, the Supreme Court granted certiorari in Fischer v. United States, a case concerning whether a federal obstruction of justice statute covers a defendant s alleged participation in the breach of the Capitol on January 6, 2021. Federal ...
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| Date March 19, 2024 |
Report No. R41153 |
Title
Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress Updated March 19, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41153 Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress Summary The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened interest in, and concerns about, the region s future. The United States, by ...
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| Date March 19, 2024 |
Report No. R46961 |
Title
Social Security Coverage of State and Local Government Employees Updated March 19, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46961 SUMMARY Social Security Coverage of State and Local Government Employees R46961 March 19, 2024 Zhe Li Analyst in Social Policy Social Security is the single largest federal program in terms of the number of beneficiaries as well as budget. It ...
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