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| Date Feb. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF12047 |
Title
Updated February 29, 2024 Farm Bill Primer: What Is the Farm Bill? The farm bill is an omnibus, multiyear law that governs an array of agricultural and food programs. It provides an opportunity for policymakers to comprehensively and periodically address agricultural and food issues. In addition to developing and enacting farm legislation, Congress is involved in overseeing its implementation. The ...
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| Date Feb. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF12233 |
Title
Updated February 29, 2024 Farm Bill Primer: Budget Dynamics Congress is considering a new farm bill because provisions in the 2018 farm bill (P.L. 115-334) began expiring at the end of FY2023 (CRS Report R47659, Expiration of the 2018 Farm Bill and Extension in 2024). In November 2023, Congress enacted a one-year extension for FY2024 and the crop year 2024 (P.L. 118-22, Division B, 102). during a ...
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| Date Feb. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF10675 |
Title
Updated February 29, 2024 Army Security Force Assistance Brigades (SFABs) What Is Security Force Assistance (SFA)? Security Force Assistance (SFA) is defined as unified action to generate, employ, and sustain local, host-nation, or regional security forces in support of a legitimate authority. By definition security forces include not only military forces, but also police, border forces, and other ...
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| Date Feb. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF10713 |
Title
Updated February 29, 2024 Overview of Public and Private School Choice Options School choice generally refers to the opportunity for parents to select an elementary or secondary school for their child that differs from the assigned school that the child would otherwise attend based on where the family lives. School choice is often divided into two major categories public school choice and private ...
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| Date Feb. 29, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10283 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Can the President Close the Border ? Relevant Laws and Considerations Updated February 29, 2024 The ongoing debate between some Members of Congress and the President over how to respond to the record number of alien encounters at the southern border has recently intensified. One disagreement centers on the scope of the existing authorities conferred by Congress to the executive ...
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| Date Feb. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF11197 |
Title
Updated February 29, 2024 U.S. Arms Sales and Human Rights: Legislative Basis and Frequently Asked Questions U.S. law establishes the conditions under which the U.S. government and U.S. commercial entities may sell defense articles to foreign countries. This In Focus provides an overview of the main laws and policies that may limit such sales on the basis of human rights concerns. Background The ...
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| Date Feb. 29, 2024 |
Report No. IF12601 |
Title
February 29, 2024 ESEA: Charter Schools Program Charter schools are public schools of choice that are created in accordance with state laws and are publicly funded and tuition-free. They are operated according to the terms of charters or contracts granted by a charter authorizer (e.g., local educational agency [LEA], state-level authority, institution of higher education). The terms of charters ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. R43838 |
Title
Great Power Competition: Implications for Defense Issues for Congress Updated February 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43838 Great Power Competition: Implications for Defense Issues for Congress Summary The emergence over the past decade of intensified U.S. competition with the People s Republic of China (PRC or China) and the Russian Federation (Russia) ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. 98-35 |
Title
Social Security: The Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) Updated February 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov 98-35 Social Security: The Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) Summary Social Security is a work-based, federal insurance program that provides cash benefits to workers and their eligible family members in the event of the worker s retirement, ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. R40760 |
Title
House Office of Congressional Ethics: History, Authority, and Procedures Updated February 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40760 SUMMARY House Office of Congressional Ethics: History, Authority, and Procedures The House Office of Congressional Ethics (OCE) was established on March 11, 2008, with the passage of H.Res. 895. The House most recently reauthorized ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. R46650 |
Title
Section 199A Deduction: Economic Effects and Policy Issues Updated February 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46650 SUMMARY Section 199A Deduction: Economic Effects and Policy Issues Section 199A of the federal tax code allows owners of pass-through businesses to deduct up to 20% of their qualified business income (QBI) from their taxable income in ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. RL33313 |
Title
Congressional Membership and Appointment Authority to Advisory Commissions, Boards, and Groups Updated February 28, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33313 SUMMARY Congressional Membership and Appointment Authority to Advisory Commissions, Boards, and Groups RL33313 February 28, 2024 Jacob R. Straus Specialist on the Congress Congress statutorily establishes a ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. IF10203 |
Title
Updated February 28, 2024 Social Security: The Windfall Elimination Provision (WEP) and the Government Pension Offset (GPO) Background Social Security is a work-related, federal insurance program that provides monthly cash benefits to workers and their eligible family members in the event of the worker s retirement, disability, or death. A worker s employment or self-employment is considered ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. IN12267 |
Title
INSIGHTi Iran s Petroleum Exports to China and U.S. Sanctions Updated February 28, 2024 The October 2023 attacks on Israel by Hamas, a foreign terrorist organization (FTO) with financial ties to Iran, have increased Congress concern with Iran s ability to raise revenue in international markets. Iran s petroleum exports reportedly reached new heights in 2023, with most of the increase attributed to ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. IF11233 |
Title
Updated February 28, 2024 Defense Primer: Defense Working Capital Funds Since 1870, the U.S. military has operated various types of working capital funds to procure and provide materiel and commercial products and services to its forces. Codified under Title 10, Section 2208, of the United States Code (U.S.C.), a defense working capital fund (DWCF) is a type of revolving fund intended to operate ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. IN12322 |
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INSIGHTi Foreign Entity of Concern Requirements in the Section 30D Clean Vehicle Credit February 28, 2024 The Inflation Reduction Act (P.L. 117-169; IRA) made significant changes to the clean vehicle credit (CVC) in Section 30D of the Internal Revenue Code. The CVC allows individuals and businesses to reduce their federal income taxes by either $7,500 or $3,750 for purchases of qualifying new ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. IF11054 |
Title
Updated February 28, 2024 Measuring Job Openings in the U.S. Labor Market Introduction The number of job openings is an economic indicator that can provide information about the potential strength or weakness of the labor market. It is often used in comparison to another commonly cited labor market indicator: the unemployment rate. The unemployment rate the number of individuals without a job but ...
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| Date Feb. 28, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11119 |
Title
Legal Sidebar SEC s First Shadow Trading Case Slated for Trial February 28, 2024 Corporate insiders commit securities fraud when they trade their firms shares on the basis of material nonpublic information (MNPI). A pending Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) enforcement action raises a related but novel issue: is it unlawful for corporate insiders to use MNPI derived from their employment to ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2024 |
Report No. RS22478 |
Title
Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress Updated February 27, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22478 Navy Ship Names: Background for Congress Summary Names for Navy ships traditionally have been chosen and announced by the Secretary of the Navy, under the direction of the President and in accordance with rules prescribed by Congress. Rules for giving certain ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2024 |
Report No. IF12599 |
Title
February 27, 2024 Defense Primer: Navy Distributed Maritime Operations (DMO) Concept Introduction Using resilient communication links and networking Distributed Maritime Operations (DMO) is the operating concept of the Department of the Navy (or DON, which includes the Navy and Marine Corps) for using U.S. naval (i.e., Navy and Marine Corps) forces in combat operations against an adversary, ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2024 |
Report No. R42807 |
Title
Tax-Preferred College Savings Plans: An Introduction to 529 Plans Updated February 27, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R42807 SUMMARY Tax-Preferred College Savings Plans: An Introduction to 529 Plans Among the options families may choose to save for education (elementary and secondary as well as higher education), they may consider using tax-advantaged qualified ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2024 |
Report No. R46806 |
Title
Rules Governing Senate Committee and Subcommittee Assignment Procedures Updated February 27, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46806 SUMMARY Rules Governing Senate Committee and Subcommittee Assignment Procedures Each Congress, the Senate appoints its members to committees. In order to make these assignments, each party conference typically holds an ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2024 |
Report No. IF12598 |
Title
February 27, 2024 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): Proposed Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (LCRI) Concerns about lead s adverse health effects, particularly on children, continue to drive efforts to reduce lead exposure through drinking water. Some water pipes, called service lines, that connect water mains to residences and buildings may be made from lead. These lead services lines (LSLs) are ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2024 |
Report No. IF12200 |
Title
Updated February 27, 2024 The U.S. Marine Corps Marine Littoral Regiment (MLR) Background MLR Employment On March 23, 2020, the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) announced a major force design initiative planned to occur over 10 years originally referred to as Force Design 2030 but now known as Force Design. As part of this initiative, the Marines are redesigning forces to place a stronger emphasis on ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11118 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (February 19 February 25, 2024) February 27, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the ...
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| Date Feb. 27, 2024 |
Report No. IF12600 |
Title
February 27, 2024 Clean Vehicle Tax Credits The federal government currently offers three tax credits that reduce clean vehicle purchase prices and thus may increase demand for clean vehicles (e.g., electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles). Each clean vehicle credit was created in the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 (Division B of P.L. 110-343) and ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R46865 |
Title
Energy Tax Provisions: Overview and Budgetary Cost Updated February 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46865 Energy Tax Provisions: Overview and Budgetary Cost Contents Direct (Cash) Payments ................................................................................................................... 2 Credit Transfers ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R43631 |
Title
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part C: Early Intervention for Infants and Toddlers with Disabilities Updated February 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43631 The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part C Summary The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a statute that authorizes grant programs that ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R47091 |
Title
The Role of Executive Agencies in Budget Development: In Brief Updated February 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47091 The Role of Executive Agencies in Budget Development: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Initial Preparation ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R47090 |
Title
Executive Agency Justification of the President s Budget: In Brief Updated February 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47090 Executive Agency Justification of the President's Budget: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Agency ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R47092 |
Title
The Role of the President in Budget Development: In Brief Updated February 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47092 The Role of the President in Budget Development: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Contents of the President s ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. R47089 |
Title
The Role of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in Budget Development: In Brief Updated February 26, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47089 The Role of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in Budget Development Contents Introduction ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF12329 |
Title
Updated February 26, 2024 Expiration and Cancellation of Unobligated Funds Unless Congress chooses to intervene, appropriated funds that have not been obligated may expire and be cancelled according to procedures that are outlined in statute. Relevant provisions related to the expiration and cancellation of appropriated funds are found in Title 31 of the U.S. Code. Figure 1. Example of the ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. IN12321 |
Title
INSIGHTi U.S. Circuit Court Nominees Confirmed Through February 15 of President Biden s Fourth Year in Office: Overview and Comparative Analysis February 26, 2024 This Insight provides statistics related to the nomination and confirmation of U.S. circuit court nominees through February 15, 2024, of the Biden presidency. This Insight also provides comparative statistics through February 15 of the ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. IN12000 |
Title
INSIGHTi Federal Actions to Address Offensive or Derogatory Geographical Names Updated February 26, 2024 Some stakeholders have brought renewed attention to names of geographical features in the United States that they identify as offensive or derogatory and have called for accelerated processes to rename these features. Generally, the process for federal renaming of geographical features involves ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF12596 |
Title
February 26, 2024 Tax Credit Transfers and Direct Payments in the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA; P.L. 117-169) created or modified 20 energy-related income tax credits. These credits subsidize clean or efficient energy production and usage by individuals and businesses. The IRA also created two credit delivery mechanisms that extend the full value of IRA ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF12581 |
Title
Updated February 26, 2024 Yemen: Conflict, Maritime Attacks, and U.S. Policy Yemen is a conflict-afflicted nation along the strategic Bab al Mandab Strait, one of the world s most active shipping lanes. Since 2015, a civil war has pitted the Iran-backed Houthi movement against Yemen s internationally recognized government, its backers, and other anti-Houthi forces. Foreign intervention complicates ...
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| Date Feb. 26, 2024 |
Report No. IF10339 |
Title
Updated February 26, 2024 The Internal Revenue Service s Private Tax Debt Collection Program For the third time in its history, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is managing a program to collect certain delinquent individual income tax debt using private debt collection agencies (PCAs). Section 32102 of the Fixing America s Surface Transportation (FAST) Act (P.L. 11494) directed the IRS to revive ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2024 |
Report No. R47659 |
Title
Expiration of the 2018 Farm Bill and Extension in 2024 Updated February 23, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47659 SUMMARY Expiration of the 2018 Farm Bill and Extension in 2024 The farm bill is an omnibus, multiyear law that governs an array of agricultural and food programs. It provides an opportunity for policymakers to address a broad range of agricultural ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2024 |
Report No. R47818 |
Title
Proposals to Limit Financial Activities of Members of Congress: Background and Analysis of Legislative Proposals Updated February 23, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47818 SUMMARY Proposals to Limit Financial Activities of Members of Congress: Background and Analysis of Legislative Proposals R47818 February 23, 2024 Jacob R. Straus Specialist on the Congress In ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2024 |
Report No. R47088 |
Title
The Executive Budget Process Timeline: In Brief Updated February 23, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47088 The Executive Budget Process Timeline: In Brief Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Development of the President s Budget ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2024 |
Report No. R45125 |
Title
Women s History Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet Updated February 23, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45125 Women s History Month Speech Resources: Fact Sheet Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 History ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2024 |
Report No. IF10275 |
Title
Updated February 23, 2024 Taiwan: Background and U.S. Relations Introduction Taiwan, which calls itself the Republic of China, Taiwan, is a self-governing democracy of 23.5 million people located across the Taiwan Strait from mainland China. The United States terminated diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (ROC) on January 1, 1979, in order to establish diplomatic relations with the ...
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| Date Feb. 23, 2024 |
Report No. IF12044 |
Title
Updated February 23, 2024 The U.S. Department of State: Background and Selected Issues for the 118th Congress Background Created by an act of Congress in 1789, the U.S. Department of State (DOS) is the executive branch s lead foreign affairs agency and oldest cabinet agency. DOS s stated mission is to protect and promote U.S. security, prosperity, and democratic values and shape an international ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. R46458 |
Title
Emerging Military Technologies: Background and Issues for Congress Updated February 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46458 SUMMARY Emerging Military Technologies: Background and Issues for Congress R46458 February 22, 2024 Kelley M. Sayler Analyst in Advanced Members of Congress and Pentagon officials are increasingly focused on developing emerging ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. R47928 |
Title
Considerations for Creating a New Federal Grant Program: In Brief February 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47928 Considerations for Creating a New Federal Grant Program Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Program Authorizations Versus ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. R47927 |
Title
District of Columbia Local Lawmaking and Congressional Authority: In Brief February 22, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47927 District of Columbia Local Lawmaking and Congressional Authority: In Brief Contents Legislative Authority for the District of Columbia ......................................................................... 1 Retention of Congressional ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF10516 |
Title
Updated February 22, 2024 Defense Primer: Navigating the NDAA The annual National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) has a history of regular passage. FY2024 marked the 63rd consecutive fiscal year for which an annual defense authorization was enacted. Many policymakers and officials view the bill as a potential legislative vehicle for a range of policy matters. Funding Tables Division D provides ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF10834 |
Title
Updated February 22, 2024 Defense Primer: Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering Advances in science and technology have long played a critical role in ensuring the technological preeminence of the United States military. For this reason, the Department of Defense (DOD) is the largest funder of federal research and development. The Under Secretary of Defense for Research and ...
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| Date Feb. 22, 2024 |
Report No. IF11016 |
Title
Updated February 22, 2024 U.S. Trade Policy Functions: Who Does What? Background At the nexus of foreign and domestic policy, U.S. trade policy comprises a distinct set of issues that shape U.S. participation in the global economy and relations with trading partners. U.S. trade policy also affects the overall U.S. economy and standard of living of Americans, as well as specific sectors, firms, and ...
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