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| Date March 12, 2024 |
Report No. R43419 |
Title
NASA Appropriations and Authorizations: A Fact Sheet Updated March 12, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R43419 NASA Appropriations and Authorizations: A Fact Sheet Contents Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 1 Figures Figure 1. NASA Funding, FY1958- ...
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| Date March 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12148 |
Title
Updated March 12, 2024 Regulating PFAS Under the Clean Water Act In recent decades, improvements in monitoring technologies and analytical methods, combined with health research, have increased national attention to the presence of emerging contaminants in surface water. Detections of one particular group of contaminants, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), have heightened public and ...
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| Date March 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF10590 |
Title
Updated March 12, 2024 Child Welfare: Purposes, Federal Programs, and Funding The Work of Child Welfare Agencies Children depend on adults usually their parents to protect and support them. The broadest mission of public child welfare agencies is to strengthen families so that children can depend on their parents to provide them with a safe and loving home. More specifically, child welfare ...
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| Date March 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12094 |
Title
Updated March 12, 2024 The Army s XM-30 Mechanized Infantry Combat Vehicle (Formerly Known as the Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle [OMFV]) Background The Army s Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle (OMFV) is being designed to replace the M-2 Bradley Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) (see Figure 1 for a notional example). Optionally manned means the OMFV is to have the capability to conduct remotely ...
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| Date March 12, 2024 |
Report No. IF12508 |
Title
Updated March 12, 2024 Commercial Human Spaceflight Safety Regulations The Department of Transportation (DOT), acting through the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), has regulatory authority over commercial space launch and reentry, including for spacecraft with human occupants. The FAA s authority allows the agency to regulate the safety of human occupants, but a statutory moratorium or ...
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| Date March 11, 2024 |
Report No. R47590 |
Title
Archival Records of Congress: Frequently Asked Questions Updated March 11, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47590 SUMMARY Archival Records of Congress: Frequently Asked Questions Congressional offices and committees receive, generate, and process many paper and digital files in the course of their work. Archivists preserve some of this historical material, which ...
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| Date March 11, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11124 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (March 4 March 10, 2024) March 11, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date March 11, 2024 |
Report No. IF12609 |
Title
March 11, 2024 Benin Benin is an emergent U.S. security partner in West Africa, a region that has seen a wave of military coups, the spillover of Islamist insurgent violence from the Sahel, and growing Russian influence. Democratic backsliding under President Patrice Talon has complicated U.S. engagement, however. Benin is a focus country under the U.S. Global Fragility Act (see below). Benin has ...
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| Date March 11, 2024 |
Report No. IN12329 |
Title
INSIGHTi Overview of the Using Space Efficiently and Improving Technologies Act of 2023 (H.R. 6276) March 11, 2024 The Using Space Efficiently and Improving Technologies Act (H.R. 6276) was reported, with amendments, by the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure on February 13, 2024. The bill would require certain federal agencies to track and report on the occupancy and utilization ...
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| Date March 8, 2024 |
Report No. R47936 |
Title
Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education: FY2024 Appropriations Updated March 8, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47936 SUMMARY Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education: FY2024 Appropriations This report offers an overview of actions taken by Congress and the President to provide FY2024 appropriations for accounts funded by the Departments of Labor ...
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| Date March 8, 2024 |
Report No. R44389 |
Title
General and Flag Officers in the U.S. Armed Forces: Background and Considerations for Congress Updated March 8, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44389 SUMMARY General and Flag Officers in the U.S. Armed Forces: Background and Considerations for Congress In the exercise of its constitutional authority over the Armed Forces, Congress has enacted an array of laws ...
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| Date March 8, 2024 |
Report No. IF12606 |
Title
March 8, 2024 Russian Military Performance and Outlook Despite advantages of a larger recruitment base and defense industrial capacity, the Russian military has been unable to decisively defeat the Ukrainian Armed Forces (UAF) since Russia s February 2022 invasion of Ukraine. The Russian military has suffered significant losses in personnel and equipment. Its performance arguably has been hindered ...
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| Date March 7, 2024 |
Report No. RL32453 |
Title
Social Security: The Government Pension Offset (GPO) Updated March 7, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32453 Social Security: The Government Pension Offset (GPO) Summary Social Security spousal benefits were established in the 1930s to help support wives who are financially dependent on their husbands. It has since become more common for both spouses in a ...
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| Date March 7, 2024 |
Report No. R47946 |
Title
Process for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Projects March 7, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47946 SUMMARY Process for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Projects Civil responsibilities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) include undertaking federal water resource development projects and assisting nonfederal environmental infrastructure (EI, ...
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| Date March 7, 2024 |
Report No. R47947 |
Title
Complete Streets: A Primer March 7, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47947 SUMMARY Complete Streets: A Primer Complete streets is a multimodal approach to roadway design and safety that considers all users of transportation infrastructure. A street is considered complete if it facilitates the safe movement of users of all ages, abilities, and transportation ...
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| Date March 7, 2024 |
Report No. IN12327 |
Title
INSIGHTi Slower Population Growth, Economic Growth, and U.S. Fiscal Prospects March 7, 2024 In November 2023, the U.S. Census Bureau released its first post-pandemic U.S. population projections. Newly projected population growth is slower than in earlier projections (Figure 1). Although the COVID19 pandemic had a noticeable effect on U.S. population trends, the longer trajectory reflects other ...
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| Date March 6, 2024 |
Report No. IF10430 |
Title
Updated March 6, 2024 Panama: An Overview Panama s central location in the Americas (linking North and South America), large financial sector, use of the U.S. dollar as currency, and transportation infrastructure especially the Panama Canal, which connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans make the country a global trade hub. Given its strategic importance to U.S. commerce and security, some Members ...
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| Date March 5, 2024 |
Report No. R47944 |
Title
Measuring Wages in the Agricultural Sector for the H-2A Visa Program March 5, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47944 SUMMARY Measuring Wages in the Agricultural Sector for the H-2A Visa Program R47944 March 5, 2024 Elizabeth Weber Handwerker The H-2A visa program allows for the temporary admission of foreign workers to the United Analyst in Labor Policy States ...
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| Date March 5, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11123 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Congressional Court Watcher: Recent Appellate Decisions of Interest to Lawmakers (February 26 March 3, 2024) March 5, 2024 The federal courts issue hundreds of decisions every week in cases involving diverse legal disputes. This Sidebar series selects decisions from the past week that may be of particular interest to federal lawmakers, focusing on orders and decisions of the Supreme ...
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| Date March 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF11803 |
Title
Updated March 5, 2024 U.S. Capital Markets and China: Issues for Congress Financial ties between the United States and the People s Republic of China (PRC or China) had been expanding since 2012. They have contracted since 2020 in the context of China s economic slowdown, reinvigorated capital controls, and increased scrutiny from U.S. government officials on U.S. investment in China. As of ...
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| Date March 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12604 |
Title
March 5, 2024 U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (INDOPACOM) Overview Focal Points in the INDOPACOM AOR U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM or INDOPACOM) is one of six Department of Defense (DOD) geographic unified combatant commands. The commander of INDOPACOM exercises authority over military forces assigned to the command s area of responsibility (AOR), which includes the Pacific Ocean and about half ...
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| Date March 5, 2024 |
Report No. R46259 |
Title
Northern Ireland: The Peace Process, Ongoing Challenges, and U.S. Interests Updated March 5, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46259 SUMMARY Northern Ireland: The Peace Process, Ongoing Challenges, and U.S. Interests Between 1969 and 1999, roughly 3,500 people died as a result of political violence in Northern Ireland, which is one of four component nations of ...
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| Date March 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF10997 |
Title
Updated March 5, 2024 U.S.-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) Trade Agreement Overview Key Provisions The 118th Congress, in both legislative and oversight capacities, may be active in numerous trade policy issues related to the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), which entered into force on July 1, 2020 (see CRS Report R44981, The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)). USMCA replaced the ...
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| Date March 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12420 |
Title
Updated March 5, 2024 The Federal Employee Paid Parental Leave Benefit This In Focus provides an overview of the federal employee paid parental leave benefit created by the Federal Employee Paid Leave Act (FEPLA), Title LXXVI, Subtitle A of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 (P.L. 116-92) and amended by the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for ...
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| Date March 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF10247 |
Title
Updated March 5, 2024 Indonesia Overview With over 279 million citizens, Indonesia is the most populous country in Southeast Asia, the world s most populous Muslim-majority nation, and the world s thirdlargest democracy (after India and the United States). It has the world s 16th-largest economy the 7th-largest when ranked by purchasing power parity. It straddles vital sea lanes and borders the ...
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| Date March 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12605 |
Title
March 5, 2024 The Orphan Drug Act: Legal Overview and Policy Considerations Just under half of all Food and Drug Administration (FDA) drug approvals between 2017 and 2021 were for orphan drugs, which are drugs used to treat rare diseases or conditions. Historically, orphan drugs received little attention from drug manufacturers, as their development was often financially infeasible due to high ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. R47605 |
Title
Connecting Older Adults to Information on Benefits and Services Updated March 4, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47605 Connecting Older Adults to Information on Benefits and Services Contents Purpose and Scope........................................................................................................................... 1 Benefits Guides ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. R45888 |
Title
DHS Border Barrier Funding Through FY2021 Updated March 4, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45888 SUMMARY DHS Border Barrier Funding Through FY2021 The purpose of barriers on the U.S.-Mexico border has evolved over time. In the late 19 th and early 20th centuries, fencing at the border was more for demarcation and containment of livestock than for prevention of ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. R45914 |
Title
K-12 Teacher Recruitment and Retention Policies in the Higher Education Act: In Brief Updated March 4, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45914 SUMMARY K-12 Teacher Recruitment and Retention Policies in the Higher Education Act: In Brief R45914 March 4, 2024 Jeffrey J. Kuenzi Specialist in Education The K-12 teacher workforce is relatively large each year, about 4 ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF10530 |
Title
Updated March 4, 2024 Defense Primer: Military Health System The Department of Defense (DOD) administers a statutory health entitlement (under Title 10, Chapter 55, of the U.S. Code) through the Military Health System (MHS). The MHS offers health care benefits and services through its TRICARE program to approximately 9.5 million beneficiaries composed of servicemembers, military retirees, and ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. R47943 |
Title
Joint Employment and the National Labor Relations Act March 4, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47943 SUMMARY Joint Employment and the National Labor Relations Act R47943 March 4, 2024 Jon O. Shimabukuro Legislative Attorney The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) recognizes the right of most private sector employees to engage in collective bargaining through ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12390 |
Title
Updated March 4, 2024 U.S. Sanctions: Overview for the 118th Congress U.S. Sanctions and Authorities State manages arms sales, diplomatic relations, visas, U.S. sanctions in furtherance of foreign policy or national security objectives are coercive economic or diplomatic measures taken against a target to bring about a change in behavior. In U.S. foreign policy and national security, sanctions can ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. IN12325 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Undetectable Firearms Act: Issues for Congress March 4, 2024 In the 1980s, the production of guns made with polymer (industrial plastic) stoked concerns that firearms were becoming undetectable by metal detectors in places like airports and federal buildings. In response, Congress passed, and President Ronald W. Reagan signed into law, the Undetectable Firearms Act of 1988 (UFA; P.L. ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. IN12326 |
Title
INSIGHTi Vietnam s Nonmarket Economy (NME) Status March 4, 2024 Shortly after extending normal trade relations (NTR) status to Vietnam in 2001, the United States designated Vietnam as a nonmarket economy (NME) for the purposes of antidumping and countervailing duty (AD/CVD) cases. The government of Vietnam has long sought to remove the designation, arguing it may hinder closer ties. Vietnam ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11120 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Foreign Ownership of U.S. Real Property: Developments in Shen v. Simpson March 4, 2024 As described in this CRS Legal Sidebar, lawmakers have considered and promoted various legislative options to restrict ownership of land by certain foreign entities. One such law, Florida s SB 264, establishes certain land ownership restrictions pertaining to foreign entities associated with ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11121 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Presidential Immunity, Criminal Liability, and the Impeachment Judgment Clause March 4, 2024 The President of the United States occupies a unique position in the American constitutional system as the head of the executive branch of government entrusted with supervisory and policy responsibilities of utmost discretion and sensitivity. The Supreme Court has repeatedly recognized that ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11122 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Smith v. Spizzirri: Supreme Court to Consider Whether Federal Courts May Dismiss a Lawsuit Subject to Arbitration March 4, 2024 In Smith v. Spizzirri, the Supreme Court will consider whether Section 3 of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) permits federal trial courts to dismiss a lawsuit, rather than stay the case, when all of the claims are subject to arbitration. Federal courts of ...
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| Date March 4, 2024 |
Report No. IN12328 |
Title
INSIGHTi Prabowo Subianto s Apparent Election in Indonesia: Considerations for Congress March 4, 2024 On February 14, 2024, Indonesians voted in presidential, parliamentary, and local elections the world s largest one-day democratic exercise. Early results suggest Defense Minister Prabowo Subianto, ex-son-inlaw of Indonesia s former authoritarian president Suharto and an alleged human rights ...
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| Date March 1, 2024 |
Report No. RL32665 |
Title
Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress March 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32665 Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress Summary The current and planned size and composition of the Navy, the annual rate of Navy ship procurement, the prospective affordability of the Navy s ...
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| Date March 1, 2024 |
Report No. R47935 |
Title
Changes to the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) Program March 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47935 SUMMARY Changes to the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) Program R47935 March 1, 2024 Elena H. Humphreys Analyst in Environmental Since 1996, the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) has been the primary federal Policy financial ...
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| Date March 1, 2024 |
Report No. R47621 |
Title
The Future of the Universal Service Fund and Related Broadband Programs Updated March 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47621 SUMMARY The Future of the Universal Service Fund and Related Broadband Programs Universal service is the principle that all Americans should have access to communications services. It is the cornerstone of the Communications Act of 1934 ...
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| Date March 1, 2024 |
Report No. RS22937 |
Title
Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries: A Primer Updated March 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS22937 SUMMARY Nuclear Cooperation with Other Countries: A Primer In order for the United States to engage in significant civilian nuclear cooperation with other states, it must conclude a framework agreement that meets specific requirements under Section 123 of ...
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| Date March 1, 2024 |
Report No. IN12324 |
Title
INSIGHTi Omnibus Appropriations: Overview of Recent Practice March 1, 2024 Congress makes decisions on discretionary spending through the annual appropriations process, which currently consists of the development and consideration of 12 regular appropriations bills for each fiscal year. Historically, regular appropriations bills were considered individually and enacted as standalone laws. In ...
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| Date March 1, 2024 |
Report No. IN12323 |
Title
INSIGHTi Overview of the Put America on Commission Act of 2024 (H.R. 7129) March 1, 2024 To address the COVID-19 pandemic s impacts on small businesses, Congress authorized new financial relief programs in 2020 and 2021 that the Small Business Administration (SBA) operated. These programs made or guaranteed loans and grants directly to small businesses. SBA s pandemic relief programs included: the ...
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| Date March 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12602 |
Title
March 1, 2024 The Clean Hydrogen Production Credit: How the Incentives are Structured The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA; P.L. 117-169) enacted a new tax credit for the production of clean hydrogen. Widespread adoption of hydrogen fuel may reduce economywide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, especially in sectors that have traditionally proven difficult to decarbonize, such as trucking, steel ...
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| Date March 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12258 |
Title
Updated March 1, 2024 The Inflation Reduction Act: Financial Incentives for Residential Energy Efficiency and Electrification Projects Introduction P.L. 117-169, commonly known as the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA), includes a number of provisions affecting energy use in the buildings sector. The IRA appropriates $9 billion for residential energy efficiency and electrification financial ...
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| Date March 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12481 |
Title
Updated March 1, 2024 Taiwan: Defense and Military Issues U.S. policy toward Taiwan (which officially calls itself the Republic of China or ROC, Taiwan) has long prioritized the maintenance of peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait. The United States supports Taiwan s efforts to deter the People s Republic of China (PRC or China) from using force to gain control of the archipelago, which the ...
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| Date March 1, 2024 |
Report No. IF12603 |
Title
March 1, 2024 The Tax Credit Exception for Leased Electric Vehicles The Inflation Reduction Act (P.L. 117-169) created or modified three tax credits for purchases of electric vehicles (EVs): the clean vehicle credit (CVC), the used clean vehicle credit (UCVC), and the credit for qualified commercial clean vehicles (CQCCV). These credits may contribute to both the reduction of greenhouse gases and ...
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| Date Feb. 29, 2024 |
Report No. R47373 |
Title
Science and Technology Issues for the 118th Congress Updated February 29, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47373 SUMMARY Science and Technology Issues for the 118th Congress The federal government supports scientific and technological advancement directly by funding and performing research and development and indirectly by creating and maintaining policies that ...
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| Date Feb. 29, 2024 |
Report No. R46336 |
Title
COVID-19: Potential Implications for International Security Environment Overview of Issues and Further Reading for Congress Updated February 29, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46336 SUMMARY COVID-19: Potential Implications for International Security Environment Overview of Issues and Further Reading for Congress R46336 February 29, 2024 Ronald O'Rourke ...
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