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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12382 |
Title
Updated April 5, 2024 The CASES Act: Ongoing Implementation Challenges The Creating Advanced Streamlined Electronic Services for Constituents Act of 2019, or the CASES Act (P.L. 116-50, 5 U.S.C. 101 note), is designed to improve access to, and efficiency of, government services and agencies for individuals by updating the process of authorizing access to certain government information in a nearly ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. IF12627 |
Title
April 5, 2024 Defense Primer: FY2023 Department of Defense Audit Results The Chief Financial Officers Act of 1990 (CFO Act, P.L. 101-576) requires annual audits of financial statements for federal agencies. Under the CFO Act, audits of federal agencies are the responsibility of the agency s inspector general (IG), but the IG may contract with one or more external auditors to perform the audit. The ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. IN12344 |
Title
INSIGHTi Key Bridge Collapse: Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience Considerations April 5, 2024 On March 26, 2024, the Francis Scott Key Bridge in Baltimore collapsed due to a cargo ship colliding with a bridge support tower. The collapse caused loss of life and disrupted numerous critical distribution functions associated with the Port of Baltimore, and severed a major highway artery. ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. IN12345 |
Title
INSIGHTi Wastewater and Drinking Water: Committee Deadlines for EPA s Administration of Earmarks April 5, 2024 Congress has demonstrated interest in assisting communities to finance certain wastewater and drinking water infrastructure improvements needed to comply with federal regulations and maintain levels of service. Through statute, appropriations, and report language, Congress has provided ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11140 |
Title
Legal Sidebari When Does a Reinstated Removal Order Become Final: Federal Circuit Courts Are Split April 5, 2024 On February 27, 2024, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit held that a removal order that has been reinstated following an alien s unlawful reentry into the United States is not final for purposes of judicial review until after the conclusion of proceedings that determine ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11141 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Circuit Split over the Food and Drug Administration s Denial of Applications Seeking to Market Flavored E-Cigarettes, Part 1 of 2 April 5, 2024 Electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) products products that go by many common names, such as e-cigarettes and vape pens are generally required to receive prior authorization from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) before they can ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11142 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Circuit Split over the Food and Drug Administration s Denial of Applications Seeking to Market Flavored E-Cigarettes, Part 2 of 2 April 5, 2024 This two-part Sidebar examines the circuit split over certain electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) products that is, products with many common names, such as e-cigarettes and vape pens that come in flavors like fruit, candy, and other ...
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| Date April 5, 2024 |
Report No. IN12346 |
Title
INSIGHTi The Government Spending Oversight Act and the Future of the Pandemic Response Accountability Committee April 5, 2024 On March 21, 2024, Chairman Gary Peters and Senator Mitt Romney of the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs introduced S. 4036, the Government Spending Oversight Act of 2024. The legislation, if enacted, would adapt and extend certain authorities ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. R41129 |
Title
Navy Columbia (SSBN-826) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program: Background and Issues for Congress Updated April 4, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R41129 Navy Columbia (SSBN-826) Class Ballistic Missile Submarine Program Summary The Navy s Columbia (SSBN-826) class ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) program is a program to design and build a class of 12 new ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. R44972 |
Title
Navy Constellation (FFG-62) Class Frigate Program: Background and Issues for Congress Updated April 4, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44972 Navy Constellation (FFG-62) Class Frigate Program: Background and Issues for Congress Summary The Navy began procuring Constellation (FFG-62) class frigates (FFGs) in FY2020, and a total of six have been procured through ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. R45546 |
Title
Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role Updated April 4, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45546 SUMMARY Management of the Colorado River: Water Allocations, Drought, and the Federal Role The Colorado River Basin covers more than 246,000 square miles in seven U.S. states (Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10781 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Overview of Federal Criminal Laws Prohibiting Threats and Harassment of Election Workers Updated April 4, 2024 Following the 2020 elections, the Department of Justice (DOJ) reported a significant increase in threats of violence toward individuals who administer elections, identifying in 2022 more than 1,000 reported incidents of threats and harassment targeting election workers for ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12595 |
Title
Updated April 4, 2024 U.S.-Canada Trade Relations The United States and Canada have one of the largest bilateral commercial relationships in the world, including a highly integrated energy and automotive market. Over the past 30 years, U.S.-Canada trade relations have been governed first by the 1989 U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement, then by the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12626 |
Title
April 4, 2024 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency FY2024 Appropriations Enacted on March 9, 2024, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024 (P.L. 118-42) provided funding for the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, including funding for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). P.L. 118-42 provided a total of $9.16 billion in appropriations for EPA, including ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. R48004 |
Title
The International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court: A Primer April 4, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R48004 SUMMARY The International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court: A Primer International courts are distinctive types of international institutions. They are created by nationstates, either directly or through ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12245 |
Title
Updated April 4, 2024 Voting Systems and Federal Law Laws regulating voting systems, including voting machines and other election infrastructure, exist primarily at the state and local levels. However, the federal government maintains significant authority over elections and plays an important role in safeguarding election infrastructure. In that regard, Congress has passed legislation that sets ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12624 |
Title
April 4, 2024 Expediting Cases and Setting Deadlines for Court Actions Federal court litigation is subject to various deadlines. Often, statutes or procedural rules set time limits for actions by the litigants. For instance, statutes of limitations require cases to be filed within a certain time after the conduct at issue. Once a case is filed, generally applicable court rules and case-by-case ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12625 |
Title
April 4, 2024 Judiciary Budget Request, FY2025 Overview The FY2025 judiciary budget request seeks $9.4 billion in discretionary appropriations (an increase of 8.4% over the FY2024 enacted level), and $852.4 million in mandatory appropriations used, in part, to pay the salaries and benefits of certain types of judges and provide funds for judicial retirement accounts. The judiciary also uses non- ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IG10050 |
Title
Medicare Payment for Rural or Geographically Isolated Hospitals, 2024 April 4, 2024 Author Information Marco A. Villagrana Analyst in Health Care Financing Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Congressional Research Service (CRS). CRS serves as nonpartisan shared staff to congressional committees and Members of Congress. It operates solely at the behest of and under the direction of ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11057 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Appellate Courts Split on Legal Challenges to State Laws Banning Certain Medical Treatments for Transgender Minors Updated April 4, 2024 Public debate and attention has focused on whether certain medical treatments should be available for transgender minors to address a discordance between a person s sex characteristics and gender identity. A number of states have passed laws ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF10045 |
Title
Updated April 4, 2024 Cuba: U.S. Policy Overview Cuba remains a one-party authoritarian state with a government that has sharply restricted freedoms of expression, association, assembly, and other basic human rights since shortly after the 1959 Cuban Revolution. Over the past six decades, U.S. policy has generally sought to isolate the Cuban government to promote change on the island and limit ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12026 |
Title
Updated April 4, 2024 FEMA s Emergency Food and Shelter Program (EFSP) The Federal Emergency Management Agency s (FEMA s) Emergency Food and Shelter Program (EFSP) provides supplemental grants to local government and nonprofit organizations to support and expand existing programs that aid individuals and families who are, or are at risk of, experiencing hunger and/or homelessness. The EFSP is ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF12517 |
Title
Updated April 4, 2024 U.S.-Japan Critical Minerals Agreement On March 28, 2023, the United States and Japan signed a critical minerals agreement (CMA) covering five key minerals related to the production of batteries for clean vehicles (commonly referred to as electric vehicles or EVs ). The U.S.-Japan CMA entered into force immediately upon signature. The CMA seeks to address Japan s concerns ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11096 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Disqualification of a Candidate for the Presidency, Part II: Examining Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment as It Applies to Ballot Access Updated April 4, 2024 On March 4, 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court in Trump v. Anderson issued a per curiam opinion that unanimously held that the Colorado Supreme Court erred in ordering former President Trump excluded from the 2024 presidential ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. IF10740 |
Title
Updated April 4, 2024 The Nordic Countries and U.S. Relations Political and Economic Overview Figure 1. The Nordic Countries: Key Facts The five Nordic countries Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden share deep historical, linguistic, and cultural ties and many political and economic similarities. They are all stable democracies with parliamentary systems of government and prosperous ...
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| Date April 4, 2024 |
Report No. LSB11145 |
Title
Legal Sidebari Supreme Court Clarifies Scope of Drug Offense Sentencing Relief Under the First Step Act April 4, 2024 In Pulsifer v. United States, the Supreme Court resolved a question that had divided federal courts of appeals: what is the scope of eligibility for certain federal drug defendants seeking a sentence below a mandatory minimum under the First Step Act? In Pulsifer, the Court adopted ...
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| Date April 3, 2024 |
Report No. R47996 |
Title
Pensions and Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs): Investment Issues April 3, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47996 SUMMARY Pensions and Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs): Investment Issues Employer-sponsored pensions and individual retirement accounts (IRAs) are important sources of income security in retirement for American households. Recent ...
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| Date April 3, 2024 |
Report No. R47997 |
Title
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Financial Services April 3, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47997 SUMMARY Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Financial Services The financial industry s adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) is evolving as financial firms employ ever greater levels of technology and ...
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| Date April 3, 2024 |
Report No. R47843 |
Title
Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress Updated April 3, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47843 SUMMARY Highlights of the 2023 Executive Order on Artificial Intelligence for Congress On October 30, 2023, the Biden Administration released Executive Order (E.O.) 14110 on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of ...
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| Date April 3, 2024 |
Report No. R47999 |
Title
Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD): FY2025 Budget Request Fact Sheet April 3, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47999 Housing and Urban Development (HUD): FY2025 Budget Request Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 President s ...
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| Date April 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF11120 |
Title
Updated April 3, 2024 U.S.-Japan Trade Agreements and Negotiations The United States and Japan, among the world s largest economies, are close economic partners. As a top U.S. trade partner, Japan has been a priority for U.S. trade negotiations and regional economic cooperation. The U.S. and Japan do not have a comprehensive bilateral free trade agreement (FTA); the partners have two limited trade ...
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| Date April 3, 2024 |
Report No. IF10036 |
Title
Updated April 3, 2024 The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant Introduction The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant was created in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA, P.L. 104-193). That law was the culmination of a series of legislative changes that altered the rules for providing benefits and services ...
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| Date April 3, 2024 |
Report No. LSB10747 |
Title
Legal Sidebari International Atrocity Crimes and Their Domestic Counterparts Updated April 3, 2024 Russia s war launched against Ukraine on February 24, 2022, the October 7, 2023, attacks perpetrated by Hamas in Israel, and Israel s subsequent campaign in Gaza have prompted widespread attention to the legal framework that addresses atrocity crimes. The term atrocity crimes was coined by former ...
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| Date April 3, 2024 |
Report No. IN12343 |
Title
INSIGHTi Election Systems: Recent Action by the Election Assistance Commission April 3, 2024 The Election Assistance Commission (EAC) was established by the Help America Vote Act in response to problems with the administration of the 2000 elections. Among other responsibilities, such as administering grant programs and sharing best practices, it was charged with developing voluntary federal ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. R44593 |
Title
Introduction to the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Updated April 2, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44593 Introduction to the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) Summary The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) was established by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (NFIA; 42 U.S.C. 4001 et seq.) and was most recently reauthorized to ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. R40094 |
Title
Iran s Nuclear Program: Tehran s Compliance with International Obligations Updated April 2, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R40094 SUMMARY Iran s Nuclear Program: Tehran s Compliance with International Obligations R40094 April 2, 2024 Paul K. Kerr Specialist in Several U.N. Security Council resolutions adopted between 2006 and 2010 required Iran to ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. R47566 |
Title
Overview of FY2024 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) Updated April 2, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47566 SUMMARY Overview of FY2024 Appropriations for Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies (CJS) R47566 April 2, 2024 Nathan James Analyst in Crime Policy This report describes actions to provide FY2024 ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. R44668 |
Title
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: A Legislative History Updated April 2, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R44668 The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: A Legislative History Summary The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant was created in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF10288 |
Title
Updated April 2, 2024 Overview of the 2018 Farm Bill Energy Title Programs Congress has long encouraged the production of renewable energy and products derived from agriculture-based feedstock in pursuit of various policy goals. These goals include U.S. energy security, greenhouse gas emission reduction, and increased demand for U.S. farm products. Since the late 1970s, Congress has employed a ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF10604 |
Title
Updated April 2, 2024 Terrorist Groups in Afghanistan Afghanistan s geography, complex ethnic composition, and history of conflict and instability have long created space for Islamist terrorist groups, some of which seek to conduct attacks abroad. United Nations (UN) sanctions monitors report that the high concentration of terrorist groups in Afghanistan undermines the security situation in the ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. IN12342 |
Title
INSIGHT Proposed Expanded Collection of Statistics on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity by the Federal Government April 2, 2024 The U.S. Census Bureau has proposed a test of questions about sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI) as possible additions to the American Community Survey (ACS). While federal surveys have collected sexual orientation and gender identity data as early as, ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF12612 |
Title
Updated April 2, 2024 American Indian, Alaska Native, and Tribal Population Data Overview Federal agencies collect population data, including on American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities and federally recognized tribes (hereinafter tribes), to allocate funding and provide services. There is no uniform definition of AI/AN populations or tribal enrollment, and federal agencies rely on ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. IF12623 |
Title
April 2, 2024 Medical Care Standards in Immigrant Detention Facilities In recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic and whistleblower complaints about medical neglect and unnecessary gynecological procedures have led to concerns over the medical care of noncitizens in the custody of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). This In Focus provides background on Immigrant Detention Facility medical care ...
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| Date April 2, 2024 |
Report No. IN12145 |
Title
INSIGHTi Proposed U.S.-EU Critical Minerals Agreement Updated April 2, 2024 Since a March 2023 announcement, the United States and European Union (EU) have been negotiating a critical minerals agreement (CMA). Key objectives are to: enable critical minerals extracted or processed in the EU to count toward certain electric vehicle (EV) tax credit requirements of P.L. 117-169 (Inflation Reduction ...
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| Date April 1, 2024 |
Report No. R47899 |
Title
The United States Courts of Appeals: Background and Circuit Splits from 2023 Updated April 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47899 SUMMARY The United States Courts of Appeals: Background and Circuit Splits from 2023 The United States Courts of Appeals frequently act as the final arbiters of questions of law within their respective jurisdictions. Although the ...
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| Date April 1, 2024 |
Report No. R47470 |
Title
Membership of the 118th Congress: A Profile Updated April 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47470 SUMMARY Membership of the 118th Congress: A Profile This report presents a profile of the membership of the 118th Congress (2023-2024) as of April 1, 2024, or at the beginning of the 118th Congress (January 3, 2023), where noted. Statistical information is ...
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| Date April 1, 2024 |
Report No. R47933 |
Title
Programs for Beginning, Limited Resource, Veteran, Socially Disadvantaged, and Tribal and Indigenous Farmers and Ranchers and for Small Farms and Ranches Updated April 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47933 Selected USDA Programs and Policies That Address Underserved Farmers and Ranchers Contents Terms and Definitions ...
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| Date April 1, 2024 |
Report No. RL32760 |
Title
The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: Responses to Frequently Asked Questions Updated April 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL32760 SUMMARY The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: Responses to Frequently Asked Questions The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant funds a wide range of ...
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| Date April 1, 2024 |
Report No. R47987 |
Title
Bureau of Reclamation Support for Water Storage Projects April 1, 2024 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R47987 SUMMARY Bureau of Reclamation Support for Water Storage Projects The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation, part of the Department of the Interior) has for more than a century been involved in the construction and operations of water storage projects in the 17 ...
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| Date April 1, 2024 |
Report No. IN10784 |
Title
INSIGHTi National Flood Insurance Program Borrowing Authority Updated April 1, 2024 This Insight evaluates the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) borrowing authority to receive loans from the Treasury and the current financial situation of the NFIP. NFIP Funding Funding for the NFIP is primarily maintained in an authorized account called the National Flood Insurance Fund (NFIF). The NFIP is ...
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